Israel’s conduct in Syria since the fall of Assad is commonly described as a “strategy,” or at least a “policy.” It is neither. It is a disorganised product of several impulses, some of them in tension with one another: the trauma of October 7th, a near-total ignorance about the group …

A view through the lens of systems theory Assad is gone and the Geneva process is history. Yet the international governance system that failed Syria for more than a decade has largely survived by adapting itself to a new diplomatic script while leaving its underlying incentive structures intact. Beneath the …

Against the backdrop of the blockage of the Strait of Hormuz due to the Iran–US conflict, Turkey and Iraq have agreed to expand the pipeline network, which allows Baghdad to diversify its oil exports and Ankara to strengthen its position as an indispensable energy hub in the region. As the …