Introduction The countries of the central Maghreb – Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia – are increasingly difficult partners for Europe. Over the past few years, their leaders have become more assertive in trying to set the terms of relations with the European Union and its member states, using both their countries’ …

Paris lance – dans une précipitation suscitée par la peur d’être lâché par les États-Unis dans le conflit ukrainien – l’idée du réarmement de l’UE avec le Triangle de Weimar, une réunion constituée de la Pologne, de la France et de l’Allemagne, mais qui n’a jamais montré ses preuves depuis …

North Macedonia’s public services have gone digital. Only they haven’t.Digitalisation has become a buzz word in North Macedonia, where for two decades politicians have rolled out digital reforms, opened so-called ‘One-Stop Shops’ and promoted ‘E-services’. Yet public registries remain unconnected, procedures are complicated – bordering on absurd – and the …