In October 2009 the Cooperation Council of the Turkic Speaking States was founded in the Nakichevan province of Azerbaijan, three years after then Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev proposed the concept. At its eight summit in 2021, it was renamed the Organisation of Turkic States (OTS). Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and …

When considering the security and stability of Europe, the first thing that comes to mind is Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. After all, it is the largest outbreak of war in Europe since the 1940s. However, about 1,000 kilometers to the southwest of the front lines in Ukraine, another European security …

While the spectre of inter-state conflict has loomed large over West Asia these past few months, it appears now to be at a defining moment. The international crisis—spanning three continents—triggered by Israel’s invasion of Gaza in response to Hamas’ attacks, has finally brought the protracted Israel-Iran conflict out of the …