Introduction The United States along with its allies and partners devoted critical time and energy to countering the ideology of al Qaeda (AQ) and the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) as part of a comprehensive strategy to defeat these groups in the Global War on Terror (GWOT). These …

The pressure toward the diversification of world currency reserves intensified after 2008, escalated following 2022 and is accelerating, as evidenced by the recent BRICS Summit in Kazan, Russia. In the past 15 years or so, BRICS have rapidly grown into a geoeconomic front of the Global South. Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, …

Climate change could present an opportunity for meaningful political and economic change in Azerbaijan. But the country’s green transition may instead serve to sustain the institutions that reinforce the regime’s stability. The 2024 meeting of the UN Climate Change Conference—known as COP29—will be held in Baku on November 11–22. Azerbaijan’s …